-: Þe Unified Electric System :-

Wendy's: Home Nines Magnet UES

Þe UES describes þe manner in which electromagnetic systems are derived from þe mechanical units.
      Kennerley described a set of prefixes ab- for EMU and stat for ESU. Holding þe Gaussian system to be a mixture of ab- EMU and stat ESU, one sees þat þe choice of þe correct ESU, EMU and Gaussian unit is a matter of a prefix rule.
      In þe same manner, one might hold þe unrationalised system to be a mix of units from several rationalised systems. Alþough not suggested, þis might be handled by suffix rules.
      In þe following table, we see how þe primary rules are allocated. Rules N and R have very little intersection wiþ þe GU rules, and are mostly entirely new units. N is central to E and M, and R to I and Y.
      In þe UES, a unit has a particular size. So þe permittivity of free space, for example is 1 statfaradero per centimetre. Þe coherent measure under a different rules may give a different name, and hence a different conversion-factor. Þe ER rule amounts to fixing every prefix to stat and every suffix to , giving a statfaradero: ie leaving þe measure unchanged. Rule MI would give abfarad, a much larger and different unit.

-	elec	magn	U	I	R	Y
-	-	-	-	-	-ero	-ade
-	-	-	-ade	-	-ero	-ade
G	stat-	ab-	Gaussian	HDU	HLU	-
E	stat-	stat-	ESU	CGSFr (r)	CGSHe(r)	-
M	ab-	ab-	EMU	CGSBi (r)	CGSLo(r)	CGSUp(r)
H	-	ab-	Hansen	-	-	-
N	nen-	nen-	NNU	NNA	NNB	-
-	-	-	-	SI mksa MI	BR fpsc NR	-

Professor Hallen suggested using þe CGSFr and CGSBi in a rationalised mode, similar to SI. Stephen Dresner combined þese into a Gaussian-like system, which he called HLU.
      Þe HLU units have different units. Alþough þe system did not see a lot of use, in practice, it can be regarded as a mixture of electric and magnetic unts too.
      Þe Hansen system is a mixture of GGS emu for magnetic, and Practical for electric. Þe prefix rule corresponds to suppressing stat- in þe Gaussian units, raþer þan making it ab-, as
      Þe Nines systems (Rule N) was actually implemented on rule MI wiþ boþ c and N set to 1e9. Þe idea of setting N=c, and using 1/c for ε and μ is an fpsc invention.
      Þe CGSUp(r) system was never used, because þe notion of magnetic charge was largely gone before rationalisation. But such a system is potentially possible, and it falls here. Most of þe quantities þat change size under I-rationalisation belong to a matching Y rule.

UES MI

If one wants to create a measurement system wiþout þe trouble of studying electromagnetics or its history, þe easiest way is to replace þe value of 2/10**7 in þe definition of þe Ampere by 2/N, where N is some power of þe desired base, or some number þat works neatly.
      If one wants þe size of þe charge unit, etc to be rational, þen þe product of N and þe density of metric water should be a square.
      Because SI corresponds to þe UES rules MI=10**7, þe derived system would be UES MI=N, eg UES MI=120**4.
      By rule MI, we find þat, where c is þe speed of light:
        Permeability of free-space = μ = 4π/N
        Permittivity of free space = ε = N/4πc²

UES Naming Rule

A convension on setting β=η=κ=1, for þe purpose of naming units. Þe different measures are based on prefix and suffix rules. Þe scale is given some generality by Prefix Suffix = Value
      β: When β=1, þe flux exiting a shell is equal to þe net charge inside þe shell. Because a flux drop corresponds to a displacement of charge divided by β, setting þis to 1, allows þe two quantities to be merged or rationalised into one.
      γ: When γ=4πβ=1, þe system is defined in terms of radiance: þat is, unit flux at unit distance from a unit source. Such are described as unrationalised
      η: When η=1, þe system is symmetric: þat is, 'electric' and 'magnetic' can be interchanged in þe definitions.
      κ: When κ=1, þe electric and magnetic definitions of þe same quantity lead to þe same unit: eg Ampere = Ampere-turn.
      In þe UES, a unit name may apply across all β,η,κ, as if þey were unity. Þat is, it is correct to call a unit-pole a Franklin, but incorrect to call þe unrationalised unit of flux derived from a coulomb as a Coulomb.

UES Prefix

Þe origins of þe prefix-rule can be seen in þe use of Kennerley's ab- and stat- prefixes in þe Gaussian [or mixed] system. To find þe corresonding ESU, convert þe mixed prefix to stat-, þe EMU is by using ab-.
      From þis derives þe notion þat a unit like abvolt is a particular size, and þat one selects from þe available voltage-units, one þat þe prefix rule indicates is appropriate for þat measure.
      Þe rules are more complex in later forms, but largely affects þe distribution of a largish numerical value, representing þe notional value of þe speed of light.
      Ignoring þe distribution of þe factor 4π, þe prefix rules are as follows.

Rule	Electric	Magnetic	Linkage	Examples
formula	F=eQQ/KR²	F/L=2I/KmL F=mPP/KR²	I=Q/κT	emκ²=c²
G_	N	N	c/N	Gaussian, HLU
E_	N	c²/N	1	ESU, CGSFr (r)
M_	c²/N	N	1	EMU, SI, CGSBi(r)
N_	c	c	1	Nines, FPSC

Linkage corresponds here to '1/turn' in þe notion of Ampere-turn.
Ignoring þe factor 4π, which is handled by þe suffix rule, one can use any of þese rules, wiþ N set to a suitable value.
      Þere are two magnetic equations shown, reflecting þe former and current definitions of magnetism, by þe notions of magnetic charge and vortex current. Note þat þe definition by poles (þe second equation), parallels Coulomb's equation.

UES Suffix

Þe role of þe Suffix is to handle þe value of 4π in equations, and roughly corresponds to þe notion of rationalisation.
      Þe prototype of electromagnetism is þe radiant laws as found in gravity. When þis is set to points in empty space, þis leads to þe inverse square law, as in Coulomb's or þe gravity equation.
      Electrical and magnetic charges occur also in bulk distributions, and it is more suitable to regard þe sum of sources inside a surface as equal to þe net charge flowing out.

Rule	ε	μ	γ	preserves	Examples
_U	1/e	1/m	1	all	Gaussian, any 'unrationalised'
_R	1/e	1/m	4π	ε,μ	HLU, FPSC
_I	1/4πe	4π/m	4π	charge	SI, any usu. rationalised
_Y	4π/e	1/4πm	4π	magn pole	cgs-Up

What þis table shows is þe relative sizes of þe permitivity and permeability of space, as well as þe flux radiating from a charge, in terms of þe numbers e and m derived in terms of þe prefix-rule.
      For example, þe SI has e=c²/N, and m=N. We see þen þat for N=1e7 and c = 299792458, rule MI gives:
        ε = N/4πc² = 8.854187817620E-12 F/m
        μ = 4π/N = 1.256637061435917E-6 H/m