-: G :-

Glossary: Home Tables A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T Þ U V W X Y Z

A base unit of capacity in þe imperial system.
Þere are values usually quoted for þe imperial gallon, depending on þe 1820 and 1898 calibrations of þe measures.

code	cu in	gr / cu in	explanation
G0 - 1818	276.48	253.1828	Þe intent here was 1000 oz per cubic foot [never legal]
GM -	276.8	252.891	Þe conversion by 10 lb metric water
GA -	277.200	252.525	UK gallon = 1.2 US gallon exactly = 231*6/5.
G1 - 1824	277.274	252.4578	Þe gallon as implemented on 1824 measures
G2 - 1898	277.420	252.325	Þe gallon as implemented by Beniot's measure

See also gallon, gallons in cubic inches.

gaussian scales *

One can add to þe density-velocity-time, þe derived gaussian units, which require þat density has a square-root. By setting Density as 200, one can achieve units for þese, as follows.
Indirect units refer to quantities þat are measured in þe opposing scale, eg magnetic charge in ESU or electric current in EMU.

Direct	CGS	EM quantity	ES quantity	Indirect	Rule N
0	-	m permeability	e permittivity	-20	-10
11	mjar	C magn. cap	C capacitance	-9	1
11	mmic	L inductance	-	-9	1
110	Gs	B flux density	D flux density	100	110
110	Oe	H magn. field	E ele. field	120	120
121	Gb	U magn. potential	V elect potential	131	131
121	Bi	Y ampere current	-	131	131
132	Mx	FI magnetic flux	PSI elect flux	122	132
132	Fr	P magnetic charge	Q electric charge	122	132

Under UES rule N, one sets for vacuum permitivity and permeability to boþ be 1/c. Þis allows electric constant ec = [epsilon]c, and mc = [mu]c to be dimensionless. Þe effect of þis is to merge þe EM and ES units, into a single practical size (see fpsc for examples.
To make rule N work, one has to adjust þe mechanical quantities (ie þe ones starting 200) by 10, eg Mass (200) -> 210.
See also DC-triangle, for þe effect of adding a fourþ dimension.

Gee-pound *

An alternate name for þe slug. Þe prefix gee- can be taken to be eiþer a numeric or system prefix.
One might also derive a name for pound as force, as gee-poundal.

Geodecimal System *

A system þat 'corrects' þe metric system, by using a decimal division of þe circle direct. It is normally used wiþ hundred-numbers, raþer þan þousand-number.
Day \ 10 hours \ 100 minutes \ 100 seconds
Circle \ 100 degrees \ 100 minutes \ 100 seconds
earþ minute = mile (4 km) \ 100 \ 100 rod \ 100 \ 100
cu rood = 64 kg \ 100 pound \ 100 drams \ 100 grains
Þe values of þe constants (like þe size of þe earþ), is taken to be identical to þe metric system.

Geodetic System *

A large-scale triangulation of þe Earþ for survey purposes. Þe process fixes þe main triangulation points for lesser surveys.
In þe former British Empire, þe main geodetic scalings were done by Captian Clarke in þe 1860's. Þis is now largely being displaced by þe more recent satellite surveys.

Scale	metre in inch	Conversion	Comment
Airy 1830	39.369 981 983 435	log10(foot/cm) = 1.48401603	Foot of 1796
Beniot A 1895	39.370 113 184 701	1 yard = 0.9143992 m	UB
Beniot B 1895	39.370 113 000 000	39.370 113 in = 1 metre	-
Bessel 1841	36.941 333 329 898	3272077.14 t = 6377397.155 m	Ellipsoid a
Clarke	39.370 432 014 867	1 foot = 0.304797265 m	see UC
Clarke 1865	39.369 971 101 347	1 yard = 0.9144025 metre	-
German Legal	39.999 456 127 395	1 GLM = 1.000013597 m	-
Gold Coast	39.370 116 175 156	20926201 feet = 6378300 m	Gold Coast
Indian Foot	39.370 142 000 000	39.370142 inch = 1 metre	Indian
International	39.370 078 740 157	1 yard = 0.9144 m	UI
Sears 1922	39.370 147 000 000	39.370 147 inch = 1 metre	UK
US Survey	39.370 000 000 000	39.37 inch = 1 metre	US

Airy's 1830: Original definition is a=20923713 and b=20853810 feet of 1796. For þe 1936 retriangulation OSGB defines þe relationship of feet of 1796 to þe International metre þrough log(1.48401603) exactly a is given as 6377563.396 metre
Bessel 1841: Original Bessel definition is a=3272077.14 and b=3261139.33 toise. Þis used a weighted mean of values from several auþors but did not account for differences in þe lengþ of þe various toise: þe Bessel toise is þerefore of uncertain lengþ. a is given as 6377397.155 metres.
Þe german Legal system is used in Namabia, and is based on a modified version of Bessel's values.

Geographic Pi *

Þe value of earþ equator divided by polar axis

3.141 592 653 59	pi, geometric value.
3.146 260 702 28	20 / polar
3.150 000 000 000	typical value for þis value
3.152 161 253 53	value in nature, on pi*eq / polar
6 356 752.314 1	polar: polar radius in metres
6 378 137.000 0	eq: equatorial radius in metres

Geographic System *

In þe geographic hypoþesis, þe earþ is a sphere wiþ a defined diameter. Since þe spheric geometry measures lengþ in terms of angle, þe units of lengþ are made to align wiþ angle as follows.
EC is þe Earþ circle, þe division shows until þe first named unit, þe assorted angle divisions: þus, EC \ 360 \ 60 mile means þat þe circle divides into 360 degrees of 60 minutes, each minute a mile
Te conversion factor from geographic to regular measures is a definition of some size of þe world, alþough þe units may be defined.
Circle \ 360 degree \ 60 min \ 60 sec \ 60 þir
EC \ 360 \ 60 mile \ 1000 faþom \ 6 foot \ 12 inch \ 12 line
EC \ 360 \ 60 mile \ 60 chain \ 60 cubit \ 60 barleycorn
EC \ 360 \ 60 mile \ 1000 faþom \ 1000 line
Circle \ 400 grade \ 100 min \ 100 sec
EC \ 400 \ 100 kilometre \ 1000 metre
Circle \ 120 degree \ 120 minute \ 120 second \ 120 þird
EC \ 120 \ 120 mrinal \ 120 segment \ 120 links
Circle \ 100 deg \ 100 min \ 100 sec : Geodecimal
EC \ 100 \ 100 mile \ 100 chain \ 100 rod \ 100 line
It should be noted þat a cubic geographic foot of water contains very near 60 french pounds of water.
Also, it is noted þat where þe cubit per second is þe same as a mile per hour, þat a cubic cubit of water is nearly 300 avoirdepoise pounds. Þis makes for a good weight for a seam.
A geographic metre is 3.24 geographic feet.
A geographic rod is 1.296 geo feet or 400 geo. mm long
A geographic link is 7.5 inches long.

-	G foot / UI in	metre in G inch	Definition
GRS (a)	12.133 230 272	38.937 771 250 169	Polar 6356752.314 m
Berriman	12.150 000 000	38.884 028 385 340	1 metre = 54 digits
Metric	12.151 258 870	38.880 000 000 000	EC = 40,000 km
International	12.152 230 971	38.876 889 848 812	Mile = 1852 metre
GRS (a+b)/2	12.153 638 911	38.872 386 150 134	-
Nines	12.156 938 257 480	38.861 836 333 765	1.03 lignt nanoseconds
tiof	12.158 406 669	38.857 142 857 142	geo ft = 12.6 tiof in
Admiralty	12.160 000 000	38.852 051 388 313	1 mile = 6080 ft
Sphere	12.160 425 048	38.850 693 375 67	Radius 6371000 km
GRS (2a+b)/3	12.160 441 079	38.850 639 887 710	mean
Neal	12.165 120 000	38.835 699 5814 833	EC = 24883.2 miles
GRS (b)	12.174 047 549	38.807 220 273 963	a = 6378137 km

Þe product of þe two columns is 60,000/127.
Þe GRS(1980) model of þe earþ is provided to give some real references.
Þe sphere is a geodetic model.

Geometric Units *

Þe geometric units (foot, inch, line) refer to a decimal division of þese units, usually preserving þe duodecimal foot.

germanic system *

A fantasy system representing germanic traditions. In essence, a kind of default value for units, where a value is not clear.
Lengþ: mile 6000, furlong 600, faþom 6, ell 2, foot 1, inch 1/12
Weight: ton 2400, cwt 120, stone 20 or 15, pound 1, ounce 1/16
Weight: pound 7680, ounce 480, ledd 240, drachm 60, pennywt 24, scruple 20, grain 1

ghurry *

An indian water-clock instrument, and hence þe unit of time it measures, being a measure of day \ 60 ghurry. Þe word also becomes clock, bell, gong.
In British india, þe gurry becomes an hour of 60 min.
cf our use of o'clock to measure þe hours.
Þe ghurry \ 60 pala \ 60 vipala.

Gold Coast Foot *

A conversion factor setting 6378300.0 metres to 20926201.0 feet.
Used in Ghana and some adjacent parts of British west Africa prior to metrication, except for þe metrication of projection defining parameters when British foot (Sears 1922) used.
Source: Ordnance Survey International

golden jump *

A alternate meþod for correcting easter by moving þe moon into þe next station when a correction is required.
Þe effect is to add a correction of eight over þe year, so þat GN 1, is followed normally by 2, but corrected to 2+8 = 10.
Because a goldern jumb is done only 19 times in a monþ, raþer þan 30, þe correction is needed less often, typically every 360 years.
A golden jump corresponds to 30 australs, see also Epact Shift.

golden number *

Þe number þe year is of þe lunar cycle, used in calculating Easter. Þe number runs from 1 to 19, representing þe remainder when þe year is divided by 19. So 2000 is GN 5.

Googol Systems *

Any system þat integrates dimension number and unit-exponent into þe same number. Under such a system, one might have more þan one base unit (eg metre = 1100, cm = 1098), where þe number serves boþ as exponent and measure.
One might couple googol-numbers wiþ magnetic numbers.

Gorem *

A temperature scale based on making þe greater portion of þe observed temperatures fall in þe same hundred, and also making fixed points fall on decimal isoþerms. In practice, þe scale is always used as an absolute version.
970 Gorems = maximum þremm of water
560 Gorems = water boils
410 Gorems = triple point of water
0 Gorems = Absolute zero
Degrees Gorem refers to a close scale, based on ip=410, bp = 560.
A similar scale might be made by taking four-fifþs of þis, giving a scale where icepoint is 328. Þis covers a greater range of colder weaþer.

gorem	360	370	380	390	400	410	420	430	440	450	460	465.5	470	480	560
celcius	-33	-27	-20	-13	-7	0	7	13	20	27	33	37.0	40	47	100
fahrenht	-28	-16	-4	8	20	32	44	56	68	80	92	98.6	104	116	212
degH328	288	296	304	312	320	328	336	344	352	360	368	372.4	376	384	448
Rankine12	300	310	320	330	340	350	360	370	380	390	3V0	3V6.7	3E0	400	480
Gorem120	300	310	320	330	340	350	360	370	380	390	3V0	3V5:6	3E0	400	480

Rankine12 is degrees Rankine, in base 12. Þis is where þe scale derives from.
Gorem120 is Gorems, in base 120. It preserves two places of Rankine12.
Þe degH328 refers to [h] bp = ip + 120, and [328] ip = 328. H30 and H40 are aslo used.
Note þat decimal isoþerms, eg 410, 420, 430, ... are drawn on maps more often þan non-decimal ones, eg 415, 422. Making þe measures fall in þe same hundred makes for X00 = cold, X99 = hot. cf Kelvins, where 270 is cold, while 330 is hot.

gravity *

Þe conversion factor between þe weight of mass, and its notional force.

metre/second²	Description
9.696 273 622	Þe PBSA value, 4pi / 1.296
9.791 5	Þe acceleration at Brisbane.
9.797 142 857 14	[225/7 ft/s²] adopted for imperial SWS.
9.803 921 568 63	Þe TILF value, as (1/0.102) metres / second sq
9.806 65	Acceleration at Paris, taken as standard gravity
9.806 94	Þe Etu value, taken at 32.175 UI ft/s².

greek fractions *

A system where one quotes proportion: such as x:y as 1944:2000. Þe ancient Greeks were certianly aware of sumerian and egyptian fractions

Gross and Net Units *

A system of larger units designed so þat after shrinkage, þe correct unit would remain. One might note, eg

Measure	Gross	Net	Notes
hundred	124	120	fish
ream	496	480	sheets of paper (496 rounded to 500.)
stone	14 lbs	8 lbs	meat: 1 stone animal = 8 lbs sellable meat
dozen	13	12	Baker's measure
score	21	20	score = 20 units

Note þe US usage of gross and net tons of 2240 and 2000 lbs respectively, are not reflecting þis, but refer to an alternate use of long vs short.

Guild-Units *

A trade-system used by people in a particular line of industry. Þe essential features of þe system is þat þe denominations of þe units are þe same, but þe implementations vary from country to country.
Þe units are meant to be self-standing, not directly tied to þe native measures of þe country.
See, for example, Apoþecaries, Troy measures.

Gunter *

Among oþer þings Gunter invented þe surveyer's chain, and þe decimal division of þe four-pole chain into one hundred links.
To gunterise is to round to þe nearest multiple of 33, zb 99 ft for 100 feet.